{"id":184,"date":"2017-06-04T21:34:34","date_gmt":"2017-06-05T01:34:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/malat-webspace.royalroads.ca\/rru0002\/?p=184"},"modified":"2017-06-06T10:54:45","modified_gmt":"2017-06-06T14:54:45","slug":"the-digital-divide-rural-vs-urban-in-canada","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/malat-webspace.royalroads.ca\/rru0002\/the-digital-divide-rural-vs-urban-in-canada\/","title":{"rendered":"The Digital Divide &#8211; Rural vs Urban in Canada"},"content":{"rendered":"<h4><span style=\"font-weight: 400;font-size: 12pt\">I can certainly relate to this topic since I have recently tried to get a decent internet connection at the farm that I inherited. Currently, in that area only dial-up exists which makes it near impossible to utilize the software system that my current employer is implementing to all franchisees. If I do not have a decent internet connection when I am at the farm, how will I be able to work? <\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;font-size: 12pt\">In Burlington (urban) where I live, I have access to unlimited internet at very fast speeds for a reasonable cost, about $80 per month. In order to get a faster speed at the farm (Rural), I would need to spend $224.99 per month and $200 to $300 for installation for the satellite depending on a one year or two year contract. This would only give me a download speed of 25mbps and and upload speed of 4mbps and 200gb of data. This would just barely make the connection speed required to run the software required for my job (download speed of 20mbps and upload speed of 4-5mbps) and I could pretty much say goodbye to streaming NetFlix with only 200gb of data per month at that cost. The sad truth is, this is the best package they offer and it just came into effect over the last two weeks. I am sourcing other internet providers but the costs are much higher for what I would consider \u201crun of the mill\u201d internet service in my particular experience. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">This topic certainly struck close to home and I sourced out some other articles on the topic to figure out how this rural divide in Canada is currently impacting Digital Learning.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\"><b>Bullet Pointed Findings:<\/b><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">Team: \u00a0Andrea Livingstone, Marshall Hartlen and Michael Chow<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;font-size: 12pt\">Rural students more likely to use computers in school (less children, more computers) (Looker and Thiessen, 2003).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;font-size: 12pt\">Rural &#8211; slower internet connection speeds (barrier to learning) (Looker and Thiessen, 2003). These findings were also echoed by Hassel and Dean (2015).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;font-size: 12pt\">Rural schools are less likely to have a dedicated technology coordinator (i.e. someone who specializes in ICT) &#8211; Resource discrepancy (Looker and Thiessen, 2003).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;font-size: 12pt\">Rural &#8211; less educational software available (Looker and Thiessen, 2003). Due to constricted school budgets smaller rural schools are not able to provide access to the robust software options available in larger urban schools.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;font-size: 12pt\">Rural &#8211; less likely to have different types of technical training for teachers (Looker and Thiessen, 2003).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;font-size: 12pt\">Digital Learning designed products for everybody, irrespective of their place of residence, rural or urban. \u00a0(Looker and Thiessen, 2003).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;font-size: 12pt\">Despite the limitations related to access for rural students, general usage rates are comparable between urban and rural students, and these limitations do not appear to inhibit effective usage of ICT when it is available (Looker and Thiessen, 2003).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;font-size: 12pt\">Rural students less likely to have access to computers at home (Looker and Thiessen, 2003).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;font-size: 12pt\">Rural schools often have a weaker economic base and cannot provide the same level of ICT funding as urban areas (Looker and Thiessen, 2003). This means that some rural students are not competing on a level playing field when it comes to ICT development because through no fault of their own they lack the appropriate tools to improve their ICT skills.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;font-size: 12pt\">\u201cThe problems associated with delivering E-Learning in rural areas, which most providers agree about is lack of suitable infrastructure for fast Internet connectivity\u201d (Anand, Saxena and Saxena, 2012). The challenges of fast service delivery is a problem in rural areas around the world. The inability to deliver effective internet services to these rural populations, means they do not have access to the same level of information, even if for them they are equipped otherwise (financial wherewithal, appropriate hardware) to engage.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;font-size: 12pt\">\u201cIt is clear that high-quality teachers are a student\u2019s primary ticket to academic success, the single most important school-based factor affecting student achievement\u201d (Hassel &amp; Dean, 2015). \u00a0\u00a0Online courses staffed with top-notch teachers has the ability to bridge the gap between rural and urban. Students have the opportunity to engage real time with instructors, or participate on their own time afterward.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;font-size: 12pt\">Technology supported cities providing for a better interaction learning environment in learner-content, learner-instructor and learner-learner interaction are seen a notable factor for successful learning (Din, Haron, Ahmad &amp; Rashid, 2015)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;font-size: 12pt\">First, it has a large labour pool of university-educated, tech-ready employees. The millennial population is increasing in the city, at five per cent between 2009 and 2014 \u2013 a key indicator for tech companies that CBRE tracks. Although that growth rate is half of Seattle\u2019s, it\u2019s still higher than in such cities as Dallas, Houston, and Atlanta. (Bula, 2016)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;font-size: 12pt\">In fact, it is a key ingredient to promote creative activities and learning is to provide<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;font-size: 12pt\">internet accessibility that act as a catalyst for greater social interaction and information retrieval (Noorriati Din et al, 2013)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;font-size: 12pt\">An article by Boyd Cohen of Fast Company define smart city as cities which<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;font-size: 12pt\">use information and communication technologies to be more effective and \u201cintelligent\u201d. He identified ten cities in the world as smart cities. These cities include; Vienna, Toronto, Paris, New York, London, Tokyo, Berlin, Copenhagen, Hong Kong and Berlin (Cohen, 2012). The term city is define based on the population size and its population density (Dijkstra and Poelman, 2012). In this paper the term technology supported cities or technology supported environment or smart cities will be used interchangeably. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;font-size: 12pt\">The Vancouver Economic Commission attributes the top talent in the region to the post-secondary education options available.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;font-size: 12pt\">&#8220;&#8230;thanks to a first-class education system is graduating tomorrow&#8217;s tech leaders and innovators from top-calibre institutions and speciality schools. Three of the top five ranked universities for software development in Canada are in the Vancouver area,&#8221; says the VEC. (Field, 2016)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;font-size: 12pt\">Similar percentages of the two engaged in different types of ICT related activities during that time frame, with only minor differences, such as: slightly more urban youth had accessed the Internet (93% versus 89%) and had sent e-mail (71% versus 66%). The YITS\/PISA data parallel this result showing those in cities reporting slightly more time per month on the Internet and in electronic communication, but few differences by community size in the amount of time spent on other activities. (Looker and Thiessen, 2003).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>References<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Anand, R., Saxena, Sharad., Saxena, Shilpi., (2012). E-Learning and Its Impact on Rural Areas. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">I.J. Modern Education and Computer Science,<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> 5, 46-52. doi:10.58515\/ijmecs.2012.05.07. Retrieved from <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.mecs-press.org\/ijmecs\/ijmecs-v4-n5\/IJMECS-V4-N5-7.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">http:\/\/www.mecs-press.org\/ijmecs\/ijmecs-v4-n5\/IJMECS-V4-N5-7.pdf<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Bula, F. (2016, November 20). B.C. tech sector growing so fast it&#8217;s hard to measure size of industry. Retrieved from <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.theglobeandmail.com\/news\/british-columbia\/bc-tech-sector-growing-so-fast-its-hard-to-measure-size-of-industry\/article32953219\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.theglobeandmail.com\/news\/british-columbia\/bc-tech-sector-growing-so-fast-its-hard-to-measure-size-of-industry\/article32953219\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Tyler, D. (2015, October 10). Louis CK: Everything is amazing and nobody\u2019s happy. Retrieved from <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=q8LaT5Iiwo4\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=q8LaT5Iiwo4<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;font-size: 12pt\">Din, N., Haron, S., Ahmad, H., &amp; Rashid, R. M. (2015, January 27). Technology Supported Cities and Effective Online Interaction for Learning. http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1877042815000452<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;font-size: 12pt\">Field, J. (2016, October 14). Silicon Valley North: How Vancouver&#8217;s Tech Scene Is Evolving. The Blog. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.huffingtonpost.ca\/<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hassel, B. &amp; Dean, S. (2015). Technology and Rural Education. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">ROCI &#8211; Rural Opportunities Consortium of Idaho. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Retrieved from\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.rociidaho.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/ROCI_2015_RuralTech_Final.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">http:\/\/www.rociidaho.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/ROCI_2015_RuralTech_Final.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Looker, D &amp; Thiessen, V., (2003). The digital divide in Canadian schools: factors affecting student access to and use of information technology. Retrieved from <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cesc-csce.ca\/pceradocs\/2002\/papers\/EDLooker_OEN.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">http:\/\/www.cesc-csce.ca\/pceradocs\/2002\/papers\/EDLooker_OEN.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>I can certainly relate to this topic since I have recently tried to get a decent internet connection at the farm that I inherited. Currently, in that area only dial-up exists which makes it near impossible to utilize the software&#8230; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/malat-webspace.royalroads.ca\/rru0002\/the-digital-divide-rural-vs-urban-in-canada\/\">Continue Reading &rarr;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":43,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[21,22],"class_list":["post-184","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-lrnt521","tag-rrumalat","tag-rural-urban-divide"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/malat-webspace.royalroads.ca\/rru0002\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/184","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/malat-webspace.royalroads.ca\/rru0002\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/malat-webspace.royalroads.ca\/rru0002\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/malat-webspace.royalroads.ca\/rru0002\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/43"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/malat-webspace.royalroads.ca\/rru0002\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=184"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/malat-webspace.royalroads.ca\/rru0002\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/184\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":185,"href":"https:\/\/malat-webspace.royalroads.ca\/rru0002\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/184\/revisions\/185"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/malat-webspace.royalroads.ca\/rru0002\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=184"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/malat-webspace.royalroads.ca\/rru0002\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=184"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/malat-webspace.royalroads.ca\/rru0002\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=184"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}