While writing my introduction and thinking about my research question and sub-questions, I was interested in two main theoretical frameworks. Velestianos and Russell’s article (2013) highlighted social cognitive theory and cognitive load theory that I think would connect to my research question:
How might integrating pedagogical agents equipped with natural language processing capabilities enhance the effectiveness of language learning platforms for Canadian non-native speakers of English or French in virtual or remote learning?
Learning is inherently social; you have classmates and teachers, you can receive instant feedback and ask questions with quick replies, and most importantly (especially with language learning), you can have conversations. Thus, the social cognitive theory is the first framework I would like to investigate further regarding research using pedagogical agents for language learning.
Bandura initially developed the social cognitive theory, emphasising social interactions’ role in learning (Schunk & DiBenedetto, 2023). When using pedagogical agents, they can take on the role of teacher or peer and provide the social interaction needed in learning environments (Velersianos & Russell, 2013). Further, they can model, provide examples, and help when asked, taking on similar roles of human teachers or peers. As social interaction is critical in learning environments, whether in person or virtual, this is one framework I would like to use as I continue my research.
The cognitive load theory is the second framework I would like to use. This theory examines how using different technologies in tasks can impact one’s working memory (Veletsianos & Russell, 2013). When using this theory connected to my research questions, I want to see the impact that using pedagogical agents could have on students’ mental load when learning a new language. Would an animated agent be distracting? Does the design cause one to feel strange, like when thinking about the idea of an uncanny valley? The concern with using pedagogical agents in this framework is that the students focus on unnecessary stimuli that detract from their learning and follow more critical information.
These are just two theories I am considering. If any other theories may be better suited to my research and topic, I would love to hear more feedback!
References
Schunk, D. H., & DiBenedetto, M. K. (2023). Learning from a social cognitive theory perspective. International Encyclopedia of Education(Fourth Edition), 22–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-818630-5.14004-7
Veletsianos, G., & Russell, G. S. (2013). Pedagogical agents. Handbook of Research on Educational Communications and Technology, 759–769. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3185-5_61
Thanks for sharing your research question, Catherine. I understand the need for precision in crafting the question, but when I break it down I interpret it as: How might (language-specific) AI agents increase achievement in VLEs? If so, consider looking into any of these (copied from Google):
The Sociocultural Theory of Language Learning, primarily attributed to Lev Vygotsky, proposes that language acquisition is deeply rooted in social interaction and cultural context, meaning that individuals learn language most effectively through meaningful engagement with others within their cultural environment, with language serving as a crucial tool for cognitive development and thought processing; essentially, learning happens best through social interaction and cultural mediation.
Krashen’s Second Language Acquisition Theory, also known as the “Monitor Model,” proposes that language acquisition happens primarily through exposure to “comprehensible input” – language that is slightly beyond a learner’s current level but still understandable, and that this process is largely subconscious, distinct from conscious language learning, which plays a secondary role as a “monitor” to edit speech.
“Intelligent Tutoring Systems Theory” refers to the theoretical framework behind the design and development of computer programs that mimic human tutors, providing personalized and adaptive instruction to learners by leveraging artificial intelligence to understand individual student needs, monitor progress, and deliver targeted feedback, aiming to replicate the effectiveness of one-on-one tutoring in a digital environment.
Adaptive learning theory is a teaching method that tailors the learning experience to the individual needs and learning style of each student. It uses data to create a customized program that considers a student’s abilities and needs, rather than following a predetermined path.
Great post Catherine and the two TFs you’ve identified both sound like either could be an excellent fit with your work. Matt’s comments and the theories he’s identified are also very interesting and could definitely be connected with your work. The task now is to decide which one (ideally only one) could be that background foundational piece – the thing you know is true, that you’re not trying to prove but that you move forward from. Any that you are wanting to explore more or that connect more with the bigger picture and topic of research could and should appear as sub sections in your lit review. Great work on this
Deb
Hi Catherine,
Your investigation into theoretical frameworks was fantastic. If you do end up moving forward with Social Cognitive Theory (SCT), I suggest borrowing the Bandura (2023) SCT book from the library. The book highlights “language acquisition,” where various studies are explained (p. 46). The original publication was from 1925. I found a newer hard-copy version at a local library per the reference listed. Let me know if you would like to connect, as I would be happy to discuss this theoretical framework further. I find theoretical frameworks fascinating!
Reference
Bandura, A. (2023). Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective on human nature. (D. Cervone, Ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (Original work published 1925-2021).
Hi everyone,
Thank you for your suggestions. They have given me much to consider as I choose a theoretical framework.
Marni, I would love to connect to hear more about it, thanks!